快速了解三坐标测量机Quick Overview of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)

随着科技进步，三坐标测量技术日趋完善。

With advances in science and technology, coordinate measuring technology has become increasingly sophisticated.

目前三坐标测量机主要有移动桥式、固定桥式、龙门式等，几乎包揽了从单一零件到组装再到整个产品测量的全部流程。可谓是种类多样、行程齐全，这篇文章将带您了解三坐标测量机。

Today’s coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) mainly include moving bridge, fixed bridge, and gantry types, covering nearly the entire measurement process—from individual parts and subassemblies to finished products. Featuring diverse configurations and comprehensive travel ranges, this article will guide you through an overview of coordinate measuring machines.
​

结构与组件 Structure and Components

三坐标测量机是一种集高精度与多功能于一体的测量设备，其测量误差可达到微米级别。以移动桥式三坐标测量机为例，其组成部分主要包括：测量机主机、控制系统、测头测座系统以及计算机软件。

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring instrument integrating high precision and multi-functionality, with measurement errors reaching the micron level. Taking the moving bridge CMM as an example, its main components include: the main machine frame, the control system, the probe and probe head system, as well as computer software.

1、测量机主机：测量机主体部分主要由花岗岩台面、桥架、滑架、Z轴及保护罩、光栅系统、驱动系统以及气路系统组成。

1、CMM Main Frame: The main structure of the measuring machine mainly consists of a granite table, bridge, carriage, Z-axis with protective cover, grating system, drive system, and pneumatic system.

2、控制系统：负责测量程序的执行、信号处理、数据采集与分析，以及误差补偿等功能。

2、Control System: Responsible for executing measurement programs, signal processing, data acquisition and analysis, as well as error compensation and other functions.

3、测头测座系统：这是CMM的关键部分，其性能直接影响测量结果的准确性和重复性，常见的有接触式测头和非接触式测头。

3、Probe and Probe Head System: As a critical component of the CMM, its performance directly affects the accuracy and repeatability of measurement results. Common types include contact probes and non-contact probes.

4、计算机软件：提供直观的操作界面，支持测量程序的创建、编辑、执行和结果分析，如PC-DMIS和RationalDMIS 2，适用范围广泛，具备智能化的特征自动识别功能，可帮助企业实现高 效快捷的质量检测和过程控制。

4、Computer Software: Provides an intuitive user interface and supports the creation, editing, execution and result analysis of measurement programs. Typical software includes PC-DMIS and RationalDMIS 2, which feature a wide range of applications and intelligent feature auto-identification. They help enterprises achieve efficient and rapid quality inspection and process control.
​

功能与优势 Functions and Advantages

三坐标测量机能够满足传统量具难以涉及的尺寸测量，实现复杂几何特征的精确测量，提升测量效率与准确性。

Coordinate measuring machines enable dimensional measurements beyond the reach of conventional gauges, achieve precise measurement of complex geometric features, and improve both measurement efficiency and accuracy.

1、尺寸公差检测：通过三坐标测量机可对工件进行坐标，直径，半径，长度等基本尺寸的评价，比如在测量圆的直径时，测量机通过多点测量以及连续扫描的测量方式，经算法处理，拟合出的测量结果比使用游标卡尺，两点卡出的尺寸结果更加准确与科学。

1、Dimensional Tolerance Inspection: A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) can be used to evaluate basic dimensions of workpieces such as coordinates, diameter, radius, and length. For instance, when measuring the diameter of a circle, the CMM employs multi-point measurement and continuous scanning. After algorithmic processing, the fitted measurement results are more accurate and reliable than those obtained using vernier calipers or two-point calipers.

2、形状检测：通过三坐标测量机可进行直线度、平面度、圆度、圆柱度测量，此种方法可实现一机多用，省去使用专门的量具测量需要的形状公差，比如使用杠杆百分表去打直线度以及使用圆度仪去测量圆度。

2、Form Inspection: A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) enables measurement of straightness, flatness, circularity, and cylindricity. This method realizes multi‑function integration with a single instrument, eliminating the need for dedicated gauges to measure form tolerances—for example, using a dial test indicator to inspect straightness or a roundness tester to measure circularity.

3、轮廓度与位置公差检测：三坐标测量机可以通过导入三维模型，在模型上直接选取不规则面元素，通过直接分析以解决传统量具无法检测的一些公差要求，比如带基准的面轮廓度与线轮廓度公差以及一些不规则工件上某个孔的位置度公差。

3、Profile and Position Tolerance Inspection: By importing a 3D model, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) can directly select irregular surface elements on the model and perform direct analysis to address certain tolerance requirements that cannot be inspected using traditional gauges. Examples include surface profile and line profile tolerances with datums, as well as position tolerances for specific holes on irregular workpieces.

4、圆跳动与全跳动公差检测：通过三坐标测量机可以简化测量过程，比如在测轴的径向跳动时，使用百分表测量时需要进行多个轴向截面的跳动误差测量，然后取其中最大值作为轴的径向跳动误差，而使用三坐标测量机只需测量一遍后由算法给出误差结果。

4、Circular Runout and Total Runout Tolerance Inspection: A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) simplifies the measurement process. For example, when measuring the radial runout of a shaft, a dial indicator requires runout error measurements across multiple axial sections, with the maximum value taken as the radial runout error. In contrast, a CMM requires only one measurement pass, with the error result computed automatically by its algorithm.
​

应用领域 Application Fields

三坐标测量机在质量控制方面发挥着重要作用，可以辅助生产人员加工出合格的产品，被广泛应用于各种行业，包括但不限于：

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) play a vital role in quality control, assisting production personnel in manufacturing qualified products. They are widely applied across various industries, including but not limited to:

1、机械制造：用于加工零件的尺寸和形状公差控制。

1、Mechanical Manufacturing: Used for controlling dimensional and form tolerances of machined parts.

2、汽车工业：确保车身和零部件的装配精度。

2、Automotive Industry: Ensuring assembly accuracy of vehicle bodies and components.

3、电子行业：高精度元器件的测量和质量控制。

3、Electronics Industry: Measurement and quality control of high-precision components.

4、航空航天：复杂航空部件的严格公差检测。

4、Aerospace Industry: Strict tolerance inspection for complex aerospace components.

5、医疗设备：微小且复杂的医疗器械的生产质量控制。

5、Medical Equipment: Quality control in the production of miniature and sophisticated medical devices.

三坐标测量机以其优异的测量能力和多功能性，在现代工业制造中占据核心地位，对于提高产品精度、提升生产效率和降低生产成本具有重要作用。

With its outstanding measurement capabilities and versatility, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) occupy a central position in modern industrial manufacturing, and play a vital role in improving product accuracy, enhancing production efficiency and reducing production costs.